Mathematical problem solving

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The idea behind The Art of Problem Solving as well as many math competitions is the use of creative methods to solve problems. In a way, students are discouraged to use rote memorization as opposed to creative spontaneous thinking. Mathematical problem solving involves using all the tools at one's disposal to attack a problem in a new way.

A Historical Example

An interesting example of this kind of thinking is the calculation of the sum of the series $\frac11 + \frac14 + \frac19 + \cdots + \frac{1}{n^2} + \cdots$
The famous mathematician Leonhard Euler used the fact that:

$\sin{x}=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\cdots$

The zeros of $\sin{x}$ are at $0$ , $\pm \pi$ , $\pm{2\pi}$ , etc. so Euler made the leap of claiming that the polynomial on the right hand side can be factored as

$x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\cdots=x(1-\frac{x}{\pi})(1+\frac{x}{\pi})(1-\frac{x}{2\pi})(1+\frac{x}{2\pi})\cdots$

since both sides are 0 at the same places. Dividing both sides by x and simplifying the right side, we get

$1-\frac{x^2}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{5!}-\cdots=(1-\frac{x^2}{\pi^2})(1-\frac{x^2}{4\pi^2})(1-\frac{x^2}{9\pi^2})\cdots$

The constant terms of both sides agree, both being 1, so this crazy procedure might be valid. Setting the $x^2$ coefficients equal, we have

$-\frac16 = -\frac{1}{\pi^2}-\frac{1}{4\pi^2}-\frac{1}{9\pi^2}-\cdots$

or, multiplying both sides by - $\pi^2$ ,

$\frac{\pi^2}{6}=\frac{1}{1^2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\cdots$

-Quoted from Art of Problem Solving Volume 2 page 258

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Mathematical problem solving

From AoPSWiki

A Historical Example